The Glands Menagerie Essay Example for Free

The Glands Menagerie Essay A Streetcar Named Desire was written by Tennessee Williams in 1947, eliciting the most critical commentary of any of his works, as well as being highly divisive: upon its release, one reviewer defined it as the product of an almost desperately morbid turn of mind1; George Jean Nathan criticised the unpleasant2 nature of the play, calling it The Glands Menagerie'3. Williams focus on realism, and the subsequent omission of clear-cut protagonists and antagonists in Streetcar, also drew glowing reviews, from the pre-eminent theatre critic Brook Atkinson, for example, who called Williams a genuinely poetic playwright whose knowledge of people is honest and thorough4. This difference in opinion does not stop at subjective criticism of the play, but even the specific genre which Streetcar falls into. Many assume it to be a tragedy of some type, and there is indeed much to commend this view. However, the ambiguous nature of many aspects of the play and Williams inclusion of alternate dramatic devices has led many to believe that Streetcar should not be classified as a tragedy, but as a melodrama. In any tragedy, the tragic protagonist is of vital importance: everything is centred on the protagonist, their flaw and subsequent downfall. However, in Streetcar, there is large uncertainty as to who this tragic protagonist actually is. This equivocacy may be observed in the difference in artistic opinion between the plays original director, Elia Kazan, and the plays second director, Harold Clurman. Elia Kazan was a close friend of Tennessee Williams, who told him to ensure that Blanche (had) the understanding and compassion of the audience without creating a black-dyed villain in Stanley5. Indeed, from his directors private notebook, published in 1976, it is clear that Kazans sympathies lie with Stanley, who he sees as defending his household against the corrupting influence of Blanche: for instance, Stanleys seemingly crude violation of Blanches belongings in an attempt to find legal papers and his later physical violation of her person would have been justified in Kazans eyes, as the social incorrectness of Blanches intrusion into his domestic kingdom and subsequent undermining of his authority and values (Well if youll forgive me hes common! He acts like an animal Stanley Kowalski survivor of the Stone Age! , Dont hang back with the brutes! ) outweighs the respective incorrectness of his retaliatory actions (Come to think of it maybe you wouldnt be bad to interfere with ). As such, Kazans direction dictated that Stanley be the victim of Blanches actions. It was even reported that some members of the audience cheered the rape of Blanche in Kazans production, with critic Signi Falk noting the waves of titillated laughter (which) swept over the audience 6. In direct opposition to Kazan, Clurman reallocated the role of victim to Blanche, positing that Streetcar portrays the crushing of sensitivity (Blanche) by brute force (Stanley), therefore portraying the rape as such instead. These contradictory interpretations illustrate the crucial problem in labelling Streetcar as a tragedy, at least in a strictly Aristotelian sense: there is no singular, defined hero or heroine, both can be interchangeably depicted as victim or antagonist. There is even discussion as to whether Stanley and Blanche represent either. Williams himself seems to support this: I dont want to focus guilt or blame on any one character but to have it a tragedy of misunderstanding and insensitivity to others 7. This has only confirmed the ambiguous nature of the play, fuelling and perpetuating the uncertainty surrounding it and taking it even further away from the Aristotelian tragic ideal. Additionally, Aristotle dictated that tragedy should chart the demise of a great person, as he argued that their cataclysmic downfall due to hamartia would evoke higher pathos in the audience; Williams focuses instead upon the demise of people in the dregs of society, ensuring that there is no way that Streetcar could possibly be considered to be a strictly classical tragedy. However, it is still possible to identify aspects of classical tragedy in Streetcar, which further heightens the vagueness surrounding the genre which Streetcar finds itself in. There is, for example, evidence of anagnorisis leading to peripateia, a tragic device which Aristotle considered to be the mark of a superior tragedy: In Scene Three, after Stanley beats Stella and realises the error of his ways, he breaks into sobs and telephones Eunice, who has taken Stella in, in an attempt to talk to (his) baby, to no avail. This is arguably Stanleys lowest point, as Stanley has alienated Stella, leading to one of the iconic moments in American drama: Stanleys heaven-splitting cry of STELLL-AHHHHH! an outburst of animal desperation. This moment, then (if Streetcar is considered to be a battle between Blanche and Stanley for Stellas affections), is a victory for Blanche. However, in Scene Ten, the roles are reversed: Blanches telephone call for help is unsuccessful, and she is arguably at her lowest point of the play here, as Stanley shatters all her illusions and pretensions (Not once did you pull any wool over this boys eyes! ), uncovering her multitude of lies, which makes Blanche face the reality of the threat Stanley poses to her (i. e. anagnorisis). So, while it is plain that Streetcar is by no means a classical tragedy, it does include facets of tragedy as defined by Aristotles Poetics. There is perhaps a more credible case for Streetcar being a tragedy in a slightly broader sense: that is to say, encompassing the characteristics of modern domestic tragedy. Arthur Miller summed up the essence of domestic tragedy in his work Tragedy and the Common Man: It is time, I think, that we who are without kings, took up this bright thread of our history (tragedy) and followed it to the only place it can possibly lead in our time the heart and spirit of the average man 8. The conclusion of Brook Atkinsons review of the opening night reflected this sentiment: Out of poetic imagination and ordinary compassion (Williams) has spun a poignant and luminous story9. Miller argued against the Aristotelian ideals concerning tragedy: where Aristotle believed tragic heroes had to be of high social standing (for reasons above stated), Miller proposed that tragic heroes could be formed out of the working classes. Domestic tragedies of this nature became popular in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of writers such as Miller, portraying the breakdown of a social construct, emphasising the distortion and destruction of domestic order. Streetcar could, then, be construed as a domestic tragedy, as it portrays the demise of the social system from the old agrarian South (as represented by Blanche) and the rise of the post-war urban industrial society (as represented by Stanley). Furthermore, Streetcar concerns the fates of Blanche and Stanley in the main, Stanley being irrefutably lower class; although Blanche is not as straightforward to categorise according to class, at the beginning of the play, Blanches demise has already occurred: she has already fallen from her previously high status, having lost her estate and fortune. Therefore, although Streetcar charts her descent into insanity, it does not show her fall from a high position in society, again rejecting the Aristotelian norm. It therefore seems as though Streetcar could easily be defined as a domestic tragedy, a judgement Dan Isaac agrees with: Streetcar is a modern tragedy, and Blanche DuBois tragic flaw is hubris pride of intellect and pride of sexual prowess10 If one tragic hero can be singled out, then it is possible to find their personal hamartia, and Streetcar becomes a domestic tragedy with aspects of classical tragedy. However, one prominent feature of Streetcar has yet to be introduced into the debate, and that is the huge emphasis on melodrama and expressionism.

Wireless Protocols :: essays research papers fc

Wireless Protocols As with all data transmission technologies, protocols govern the manner in which information is transferred between stations. A protocol is simply an agreed upon standard that all parties use to ensure that different devices can communicate with each other. Wireless protocols can be discussed on their own, and where they fit in the OSI protocol suite. For the sake of clarity, we will limit our discussion to wireless network implementations. Wireless protocols typically reside in layers 1 and 2, the application and presentation layers, respectively, of the OSI model. These two layers help direct how the data is gathered from the end station and prepared for transmission. The main wireless protocol are: IEEE 802.11 covering wireless Ethernet; 802.15 dealing with wireless personal area networks (WPAN), including Bluetooth technology; and 802.16 for broadband wireless access. 802.11 The IEEE 802.11 specification family consists of four different, primary specifications: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11 – applies to wireless LANs and provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band using either frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11a – an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and provides up to 54 Mbps in the 5GHz band. 802.11a uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing encoding scheme rather than FHSS or DSSS. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11b (also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or Wi-Fi) – an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANS and provides 11 Mbps transmission (with a fallback to 5.5, 2 and 1 Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11b uses only DSSS. 802.11b was a 1999 ratification to the original 802.11 standard, allowing wireless functionality comparable to Ethernet. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11g – applies to wireless LANs and provides 20+ Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11n – applies to future standards for wireless data transmission that promises a maximum bandwidth of 108 Mbps through the use of multiple antennas (MIMO). Strangely, the order of inception is not alphabetical. Rather, the specifications developed as follows: 802.11; 802.11b; 802.11a; 802,11g; and the projected 802.11n. The 802.11 family specifies the way in which wireless devices communicated with wired LAN base stations, or access points. Wireless-to-wired communication is known as infrastructure mode. A second mode, known as ad hoc mode, specifies the manner in which direct communication between wireless devices occurs. Three of the four current specifications use the 2.4 GHz band. This is an unlicensed bandwidth, which means it is available free of charge to anyone with the technical to use it. Wireless Protocols :: essays research papers fc Wireless Protocols As with all data transmission technologies, protocols govern the manner in which information is transferred between stations. A protocol is simply an agreed upon standard that all parties use to ensure that different devices can communicate with each other. Wireless protocols can be discussed on their own, and where they fit in the OSI protocol suite. For the sake of clarity, we will limit our discussion to wireless network implementations. Wireless protocols typically reside in layers 1 and 2, the application and presentation layers, respectively, of the OSI model. These two layers help direct how the data is gathered from the end station and prepared for transmission. The main wireless protocol are: IEEE 802.11 covering wireless Ethernet; 802.15 dealing with wireless personal area networks (WPAN), including Bluetooth technology; and 802.16 for broadband wireless access. 802.11 The IEEE 802.11 specification family consists of four different, primary specifications: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11 – applies to wireless LANs and provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band using either frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11a – an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and provides up to 54 Mbps in the 5GHz band. 802.11a uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing encoding scheme rather than FHSS or DSSS. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11b (also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or Wi-Fi) – an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANS and provides 11 Mbps transmission (with a fallback to 5.5, 2 and 1 Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11b uses only DSSS. 802.11b was a 1999 ratification to the original 802.11 standard, allowing wireless functionality comparable to Ethernet. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11g – applies to wireless LANs and provides 20+ Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11n – applies to future standards for wireless data transmission that promises a maximum bandwidth of 108 Mbps through the use of multiple antennas (MIMO). Strangely, the order of inception is not alphabetical. Rather, the specifications developed as follows: 802.11; 802.11b; 802.11a; 802,11g; and the projected 802.11n. The 802.11 family specifies the way in which wireless devices communicated with wired LAN base stations, or access points. Wireless-to-wired communication is known as infrastructure mode. A second mode, known as ad hoc mode, specifies the manner in which direct communication between wireless devices occurs. Three of the four current specifications use the 2.4 GHz band. This is an unlicensed bandwidth, which means it is available free of charge to anyone with the technical to use it.

Explorers of the Renaissance

Bartholomew Dais, the explorer for Portugal, planned to head an expedition in search of a sea route to India. Though, at the end of his voyage he only became the first sail to the tip of Africa. This, landing has only created a new name for the Cabot ads Galahs and the cape Cabot ads Torments for his country. Dais had a voyage that inspired explorers to try a faster or better route to travel, which lead to the discoveries of newer lands;also, this voyage helped encourage inventors and scientists to invent effective techniques and new technology that could help future expeditions.Magellan studied very famous explorers for many years in Portugal. He planed to find a route to the Spice Islands by sailing west and around the world. Ferdinand Magellan, an explorer of Spain, has amazed us with his courage by venturing through the chaotic and the untouched world. Through his voyage Magellan provided the first positive proof that the world was round, thus opening trade routes to explorers al l over the world. Ferdinand Magellan is recognized as the first person to circumnavigate the world.His discovery of this route had the effects in many ways; for example, the religion of Christianity has also traveled along his Journeys, and also his geographical finding has made the current map more accurate then it originally was. Jacques Carrier sailed in the name of France. Carrier searched to find a Northwest Passage to India and the Spice Islands and also looking for new places to trade. In the end Carrier was the first to sail up the SST. Lawrence River and Canada. Canada was claimed as a piece of France; furthermore, this opened up for trade with the natives.

Sloan MGH PATA - 6297 Words

11-116 January 3, 2012 Massachusetts General Hospitals Pre-Admission Testing Area (PATA) Kelsey McCarty, Jà ©rà ©mie Gallien, Retsef Levi Five anxious faces looked up at Dr. Jeanine Wiener-Kronish, chief of anesthesia at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), as she entered the conference room. It was June 2009, and the group before her was the task force for the Pre-Admission Testing Area (PATA). PATA had been struggling with inefficiencies and long patient wait times for over two years. Despite the group’s best efforts to fix these problems, a letter forwarded from the president’s office that morning highlighted that conditions in PATA were not getting better. Dr. Wiener-Kronish took a seat and read the letter aloud: Last week I brought my†¦show more content†¦Located in Boston, Massachusetts, MGH was founded in 1811, making it the third oldest hospital in the United States. With 907 patient beds across a 4.6 million square-foot campus and almost 23,000 employees, it was one of the largest hospitals in the country and Boston’s largest private employer. U.S. News World Report consistently ranked MGH as one of the top five hospitals in the nation, and patients traveled from all over the country to receive treatment there. It was also home to the Ether Dome, an amphitheater that served as MGH’s first operating room (OR) and became the birthplace of anesthesia when ether was first publicly administered there as a surgical anesthetic in 1846.2 The DACCPM received its official charter in 1938 and since then has maintained its position as a leader in innovative anesthesiology research. The DACCPM was one of the largest clinical departments in the hospital with 278 physicians and 198 nurses, researchers and administrative personnel. This large work force was needed to support all stages of the perioperative3 patient flow: pre-operative assessment, intra-operative monitoring and care, and post-operative recovery. Due to the nature of the specialty, the DACCPM was also charged with administrative oversight in the ORs, the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU), the Pain Medicine Center, and the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU). The department’s achievements across many areas of MGH, however, were